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Allophones
Aspiration:
When /p, t, k/ are followed by a vowel sound or by consonant phonemes /w, l, r,
j/ in prominent syllables. The diacritic symbol to mark aspiration is [ʰ]. This diacritic is only
used when /p, t, k/ are followed by vowel phonemes in prominent syllables:
[ɪm'pʰɔ:tnt] [dɪk'tʰeɪʃn] ['kʰæri]
Unaspiration: When /p, t, k/ are preceded by /s/ in prominent syllables, aspiration does not
take place:
['spɔɪlɪŋ] [ɪk'spens] [ɪn'stɔ:l]
Devoicing group C: Devoicing affects /l, r, j, w/ when they are preceded by aspirated / p, t,
k /. Devoicing is marked [∘] in allophonic transcription.
['kr̥aɪɪŋ] [pl̥eɪs] [ə'tj̥u:n] ['kw̥estʃn]
Devoicing group B: All consonant phonemes of Group B are devoiced after and before
pauses or after and before voiceless consonants of Group A.
Types of release:refers to the different ways in which the six plosive phonemes of BBC
English /p, t, k, b, d, g/ release the air depending on the phonetic context where they are
used.
-Oral release: when followed by vowels or semiconsonants /w, j/. Oral release is left
unmarked in allophonic transcription. E.g.: [wi 'fi:ld ɪt 'ɪn]
-Non-audible release: when they are used in clusters formed by two consecutive plosives or
plosive + affricate. This type can take place not only within words but also at word boundary.
Non-audible release is marked [‿] in allophonic transcription. E.g.: [stɒp‿t] [lʊk‿t] (in one
word) [ðæt‿'beɪbi] ['stɒp‿'tʃəʊkɪŋ] (at word boundary)
-Nasal release: when they are followed by nasal phonemes /m, n/. This type can take place
not only within words but also at word boundary. Nasal release is marked [‿] in allophonic
transcription. E.g.: [kʊd‿nt] ['tɒp‿məʊst] (in one word) [ət‿'naɪt] [aɪ 'laɪk‿'məʊst əv ðm]
(at word boundary).
-Lateral release: /t, d/ have lateral release when they are followed by /l/. This type can take
place within words or at word boundary as well. Lateral release is marked [‿] in allophonic
transcription. E.g.: ['met‿l] ['med‿l] (in one word) [aɪd‿laɪk] [ðæt‿lɪt‿l bɔɪ] (at word
boundary).
Variations of place of articulation:
-Dentalization: when /t, d, n, l/ are followed by /ð, θ/ within words or at word boundary.
Dentalization is marked [ ̪] in allophonic transcription [t̪] [d̪] [n̪] [l̪]. E.g.: [ten̪θ] [wɪd̪θ]
(inside a word) [ɔl̪ θru:] [ɪn̪ ðə] [ət̪ ðə] (at word boundary).
-Labiodentalization: when /m, n/ are followed by /f, v/ within words or at word boundary.
Labiodentalization is marked [ɱ] in allophonic transcription. E.g.: ['kʌɱfət] [ɪɱ'vaɪt] (inside a
word) ['tɪɱ 'vəʊtɪd] [ɪɱ 'fəʊkəs] (at word boundary).
-Postalveolar articulation: when /t, d, n, l/ are followed by post-alveolar /r/ within words or at
word boundary. Post-alveolar articulation is marked [ ̠ ] in allophonic transcription [t̠] [d̠]
[n̠] [l̠]. E.g.: ['bɔ:l̠ru:m] ['kʌn̠t̠ri] ['lɔ:n̠d̠ri] (inside a word) [bɪ'gɪn̠ 'raʊz] ['sed̠ 'red]
(at word boundary)
-Clear /l/: when /l/ appears before vowel sounds or or the semi-vowel /j/. The symbol used to
represent this allophone is the same as "l", but with the usual square brackets indicating the
actual realisation: [l]. E.g.: [læmp] - [ˈjeləʊ] - [kɔ:l aʊt]
-Dark /l/: when /l/ precedes consonant sounds, the semi-vowel /w/ or pauses.The symbol to
represent it is the one for "l" with a tilde across it [ɫ]. E.g.: [wɪsɫ] - [maɪˈseɫf] - [ɔ:ɫweɪz]
Syllabicity: When vowel phonemes are omitted in unstressed syllables and consonant
phonemes function as the central elements in those syllables, the result refers to the
articulatory feature called syllabicity. If a vowel is omitted or elided, the consonant that takes
its place is called syllabic. Syllabicity is marked [ˌ] in allophonic transcription. The most
important syllabic consonants in English are [l̩] and [n̩]. E.g.: [pɑ:sl̩] [pedl̩] [kʌpl̩]
[bʌtn̩] [sevn̩] [ˈfæʃn̩]
Vowel length: Vowel phonemes may be slightly longer ([ta: ɪd]) or slightly shorter ([taˑɪt])
depending on their context of production. It’s worth noticing that only a group of vowel
sounds undergo this variation:
-Fully long: Long pure vowels and diphthongs are fully long:
A) when inserted in open prominent syllables.
For example: Four [fɔː]
B) when inserted in prominent syllables closed by a voiced sound.
For example: Keys [kiːz]
-Half long: Long pure vowels and diphthongs are half long:
A) when inserted in prominent syllables closed by a voiceless sound.
For example: Jerked [dʒɜˑkt]
B) when inserted in prominent syllables followed by other syllables in the same word.
For example: Keeper ['kiˑpə]
C) when inserted in non-prominent syllables.
For example: They [ðeˑɪ]
Allophones.pdf
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