Volver a Gramatica Inglesa I
Adverbial clauses
Adverbial clause
Subordinating conjunction
Of time (when?)
After, before, since, till, until, when, whenever, while, as soon as, once,
by the time (that), during the time, immediately after, as long as, the
moment etc., and the correlative forms no sooner… than, scarcely…
when, hardly… when, barely… when.
E.g. Once you have typed the text in, you can save the document.
Of place (where?)
Where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere.
E.g. Wherever you may be, I will find you.
Of manner (How?)
As, exactly as, just as, as if as though.
E.g. Do not behave as he did.
Of cause or reason (why?)
Because, since, as, seeing that, considering that, now that.
E.g. Seeing that it’s raining, you’d better stay indoors.
(The comma before the subordinating conjunctions as and since is
obligatory.)
Of result (the result of a
situation)
a) So + adjective/ adverb + that (the film was so boring that I got
asleep)
b) So + much/ little + uncountable noun + that (There was so much
noise that I couldn’t concentrate)
c) So + many/ few + plural count noun + that (She made so many
mistakes that she failed the exam)
d) Such (a lot)/ (a few)/ (a) (adjective) + noun + that ( He showed
such a great courage that he became a hero)
Of purpose (show why
people do things)
So that, in order that.
E.g. I have written it clearly so that he can read it easily.
Of contrast or concession
Although (more formal), though (more frequent, can be used at the end
of the sentence)
a) before the main clause- meaning: “in spite of the fact of”
(Although I enjoy your company, I don’t love you)
b) After the main clause- meaning: “but it is also true that” (She
went on walking although it was raining).
Even though (emphasizes the idea of contrast), However,
Whereas (requires antithesis between two situations) and while
(relate clauses in which the contrast is muted)
E.g. Even though she studied hard, she couldn’t pass the exam.
E.g. However hard he tries, he will never be top of his class.
E.g. Ron is a playboy, whereas his brother is a serious student.
E.g. George likes playing tennis very much, while his wife hates it.
As, much as, no matter how, no matter what, whoever,
whatever, whichever.
Of condition (if clauses)
If, unless, provided (that), providing (that), as long as; only if.
E.g. If we win, we’ll got to Kelly’s to celebrate.
E.g. Unless she hurries up, we won’t arrive in time.
Of contingency (things
that may possible
happen)
In case (things which we do in order to be ready for possible future
situations).
E.g. Take an umbrella in case it rains.
Non-finite forms of the verb
To infinitive
a. Simple infinitive (to study)
b. Progressive infinitive (to be studying)
c. Perfect infinitive (to have studied)
d. Perfect progressive infitive (to have been studying)
Functions: as a noun
1) Subject (to err is human)
2) Real/ extra posed/ postponed subject (it is difficult to age gracefully)
(It was difficult for me (the noun or pronoun that follows for becomes
the subject of the infinitive) to find a good job.)
3) Direct object (she likes to watch TV at night).
4) Real direct object (I found it difficult to do these exercises.)
5) Subject complement ( Your mistake was to hide the truth)
6) Appositive (Their plan, to live abroad, was put off.)
Functions: as an adjective
1) Post modifier of nouns or pronouns (This is the method to apply)
2) Adjectival complement, used after adjectives (He is difficult to work with)
Functions: as an adverb
1) Purpose (I came here to talk to you)
2) Result or consequence (She got a new job, only to have more
problems)
3) Cause or reason (I rejoice to hear of your success)
Bare
infinitive
(for brief or practically instantaneous activities)
Uses:
1) After verbs of physical perception (feel, hear, listen to, see, look at,
perceive, watch, observe, notice, etc.). (They watched him leave)
2) After the causative verbs make, let and have in the active voice. (She let
me go out last night)
3) After help and let’s
4) After the expressions would rather, had sooner, had better, had best.
5) After most modal auxiliaries can, must, might, should, may, will.
6) After rather than and than.
7) Do + any/ no/ everything … + but/except… (My dog does everything but
speak).
8) Why…/ why not…? To express suggestions and advice (Why not tell him
the truth?)
The –ing form
As a GERUND (nominal function)
As a participle (an adjective or an adverb)
➢ Subject (smoking is not allowed in class)
➢ To form the progressive tenses and show
the progressive aspect (Martha is cooking
at the moment)
➢ Real/ postponed/ extra posed subject (It
is a pleasure meeting you here)
➢ As an adjectival present participle (A
charming person = a person who is
charming)
➢ Direct object (Your hair needs cutting)
➢ As a modifier of an adjective (It’s freezing
cold in here)
➢ Subject complement (All she likes is
reading)
➢ Subject complement (The film a saw last
night was really moving)
➢ Prepositional complement (How about
having a break?)
➢ Adverbial function:
1) Time: coming back home I realized I
had lost the keys = when I was
coming back home…
2) Manner: She spent the whole
evening studying grammar = she
spent the whole evening in that way.
3) Reason: Being so tired, the soldier
fell asleep = as he was so tired, the
soldier fell asleep.
4) Condition: Studying hard you will
pass de exam = If you study hard, you
will pass the exam.
➢ Object complement (I call that lying)
It means “this thing” (noun equivalent), it
usually follows verbs that
denote/name/classify/consider
something as something else).
➢ Object complement (I caught my friend
cheating on me = my friend was cheating
on me).
It means “in that way”. E.g.: we found
him lying on the floor. We found him in
that way. It doesn’t tell the subject bat
the object.
➢ Indirect object (I will give singing a
second chance)
Human nature is a strange thing.
Last summer I worked for a man my family had known for years.
They believed him to be a pleasant man, 1while I found him to be the most impossible person to work
for.
2Now that I know him, I can assure you that no matter how many hours of overtime you do, it's never
enough for him.
Despite being a quiet man, he manages to project 3such an aggressive image in his café that his
employees feel intimidated, and, probably out of fear or a genuine desire, they try to do a good job as
they are expected to.
Anyone may think I'm exaggerating, but I'm not.
4Once he even forced five waitresses to hand in their notice 5even though they were perfectly
competent. All the same, I carried on working there every evening.
And he really missed the staff who left.
7However, he'd never admit it. 8As I was not a courageous person, I thought that confronting him about
his temper would not work.
9Incredible though it may seem, in spite of him, the café has a reputation for being a very friendly place.
Strange, isn't it?
Adverbial clauses.docx
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